DEPARTMENT OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION SCIENCE
State University | A+ Grade by NAAC (CGPA : 3.64) in the 3rd Cycle | Category - I University by MHRD - UGC
Karaikudi - 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
"United in action to rescue and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for,with and by persons with disabilities"
1.BLINDNESS
Definition:
Blindness is the inability to see or a lack of vision in the most severe cases there is an inability to see even light.
It also means that you can not correct your vision which eyeglasses or contact lenses, eye drops or other medical therapy surgery it's important to seek immediate medical help.
Types:
Partial Blindness.
Congenital Blindness.
Legal Blindness.
Symptoms:
Blurry vision.
Eye pain.
Floaters and hashers.
Sensitivity to light (photophobia).
Sudden loss of vision or the sudden appearance of black sports in your vision.
Causes:
Chemical burns.
Exposure to toxins.
Motor vehicle crashes.
Industrial accidents including falls.
Prevention:
You can't prevent some types of blindness. But blindness is preventable in many cases.
Institute:
Sri Rakum School for the Blind is a school for the visually impaired in Bangalore.
Patiala school for the blind.
Jyothi seva for blind children.
2.LOW VISION
Definition:
Low Vision refers to loss of sight, that can't be connected by medical or surgical treatment. A person with low vision must learn to adjust to it.
Low Vision includes different degrees of, sight loss, from blind sports, poor night vision and problems with glare to an almost complete loss of sight.
Types:
Loss of Central Vision.
Loss of Peripheral Vision.
Night blindness.
Blurred vision or Hazy vision
Causes:
These are usually the result of disorders or injuries affecting the eye or a disorder such as diabetes that affects the entire body.
Some of the most common causes of low vision include age related macular degeneration, diabetes retinopathy,cataract,and glaucoma.
Schools:
SRI RAKUM SCHOOL.
Shree Ramana Maharishi Academy for the Blind.
Pune Blind School.
Patiala School for the Blind.
Schemes (Scholarship):
XII - Standard - State Level Rank Holders
First Prize - 50,000/-
Second Prize - 30,000/-
Third Prize - 20,000/-
X - Standard - State Level Rank Holders
First Prize - 25,000/-
Second Prize - 20,000/-
Third Prize - 15,000/-
3.LEPROSY CURED PERSONS
Definition:
Leprosy is an age old disease.It is a chronic infectious disease which is caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae.
The disease affects the Skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes.
Types:
Tuberculoid leprosy.
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy.
Mid-Borderline leprosy.
Borderline lepromatous leprosy.
Lepromatous leprosy.
Causes:
Leprosy is caused by an infections with the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae.
Close contact with an infected person.
Poor hygiene and Sanitation.
Weak immune system.
Genetic predisposition.
Malnutrition.
Symptoms:
Skin lesions.
Nerve damage.
Eye problems.
Nasal congestion.
Muscle weakness.
Ulcers.
Treatment:
Paucibacillary (PB) Leprosy:
Milder form of leprosy.
PB Leprosy is six months of MDT with rifampicin and dapsone.
Multibacillary (MB) Leprosy:
More severe form of leprosy.
MB leprosy is 12 month of multidrug therapy with rifampicin dapsone, and clofazimine.
Prevention:
Public education and awareness.
Isolation of the untreated cases.
Early detection of the disease.
Prophylaxis with single dose of rifampicin. Provides 57% effectiveness against the infections.
Schemes:
DISHA - Early Intervention and School Readiness Scheme.
ADIP Scheme.
NHFDC Scheme.
Maintenance Allowance of leprosy person.
Institutes:
National Jalma Institute of leprosy and other Mycobacterial diseases, Agra.
Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute (CLTRT), Chengalpattu.
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme, Chengalpattu.
4.HEARING IMPAIRMENT
Definition:
Hearing Impairment happens when a person loses part or all of their ability to hear sound. Hearing Impairment is also referred to as hearing loss or hard of hearing.
Types:
Conductive Hearing Impairment.
Sensory Neural Hearing Impairment.
Mixed Hearing Impairment.
Causes:
Hearing loss is caused due to problems in the outer ear or the middle ear or both.
Specific illnesses or infections.
Traumatic brain injury.
Genetic Syndromes.
Viral infection is Pregnancy.
Head Trauma.
Symptoms:
Muffling of Speech and other sounds.
Difficulty understanding words, especially against background noise or in a crowd of people.
Frequently asking others to speak more slowly, clearly and loudly.
Institutions:
Deewa in Islamabad.
Hamza foundation for the deaf.
Government School for Special Children.
Schemes:
DISHA - Early Intervention and School Readiness scheme.
ADIP scheme, Vocational Training (above 18 years).
NHFDC scheme.
5.LOCOMOTOR DISABILITY
Definition:
Locomotor disability means disability of the bones, joints or muscles leading to substantial restriction of the movement of the limbs or any form cerebral palsy.
It is also called handicapped and orthopedic impairment.
Types :
Arthritis.
Lathyrism.
Amputation.
Causes :
In many cases, the damage occurs during pregnancy or childbirth, although it can also occur in the first few years of life.
Genetic factors: It is caused from parents or ancestors.
Treatment:
Physical therapy can help to improve their range of motion, strength and coordination.
This can help to improve mobility and reduce the risk of complication like joint contractures.
Surgery may be recommended to address joint contractures or to improve mobility.
Institutions:
National Institute for locomotor disability (Divyangjan)
Schemes:
A basis human right disabled need education.
Universal immunization programme.
Government has provided UDID card for person with disability.
6.DWARFISM
Definition:
Dwarfism is a growth disorder also known as short stature and a person or organsim with the condition is refered to as a dwarf. The average height of an adult with dwarfism is 4 feet, but dwarfism could apply to an adult who is 4'10' or shorter.
Types:
Proportionate dwarfism.
Disproportionate dwarfism.
Symptoms:
Bow legs which may develop progressively.
Large head with a prominent forehead and flat nose bridge.
Abnormal Spinal anatomy and curvature leading to spinal issues.
Short fingers with wide spaces between the middle and ring fingers.
Delayed Motor milestones despite normal intelligence.
Standing height below the third percentile although sitting height may be normal.
Causes:
Most dwarfism related conditions are genetic disorders, but the causes of some disorders are unknown. Most occurrences of dwarfism result from a random genetic mutation in either the father's sperm or the mothers egg rather than from either parents complete genetic makeup.
Institutions:
National Institute for Empowerment of persons with Multiple Disabilities established in the year 2005, on East coast road Muttukadu Chennai, Tamilnadu
Schemes:
Dwarfism will also be an eligible category for this pension National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS).
Haryana Government enhanced the allowance Rs. 2750 per month.
7.INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Definition:
Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18.
Causes:
Genetic Factors:
Fragile X Syndrome.
Phenylketonuria (PKU).
Down Syndrome.
Prenatal illnesses and Issues:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Maternal Infection.
Birth defects.
Childhood illnesses and Injuries:
Meningitis.
Encephalitis.
Inadequate treatment of some childhood illnesses.
Environmental Factors:
Neglect in Infancy.
Malnutrition.
Abuse.
Categories:
Mild - has an IQ 50-70.
Moderate - has an IQ 35-49.
Severe - has an IQ 20-34.
Profound - has an IQ Less than 20.
Schemes:
DISHA - Early intervention and School Readiness Scheme.
VIKAAS - Day care.
SAMARTH - Respite care.
GHARAUNDA - Group Home for Adults.
Institutes:
Ali yavar Jung National Institute of speech and hearing disabilities (AYJNISHD), Mumbai.
National Institute of Locomotor Disabilities (NILD), Kolkata.
National Institute for Empowerment of person with visual disabilities (NIEPVD), Dehradun.
8.MENTAL ILLNESS
Definition:
Mental illness also called mental health disorders , refers to a wide, range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior.
Symptoms:
Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances and other factor, mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behavior.
Feeling sad or down.
Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate.
Causes:
Mental illness is more general, are thought to be caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors.
Inherited traits.
Environmental exposures before birth.
Brain chemistry.
Prevention:
Pay attention to warning signs.
Get routine medical care.
Get help when you need it.
Take good care of yourself.
Types:
Anxiety Disorders.
Depression.
Bipolar Disorders.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD).
Schizophrenia.
Eating Disorders.
Disruptive behavior and dissocial Disorders.
Hospitals:
Institute of Mental Health, Government Hospital for Mental care, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh.
Government Hospital for Mental Care, Chinna waltair, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
Institute of Mental Health, Koilwar, Bhojpur, Bihar.
9.AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Definition:
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn and behave.
Causes:
Genetics.
Environmental factors.
Brain differences.
Symptoms:
Delayed speech and language skills.
Repeating words or phrases over and over (echolalia).
Difficulty holding a conversation.
Not responding to their name being called.
Types:
Asperger's Syndrome.
Rett Syndrome.
Childhood disintegrative disorder.
Kanner's Syndrome
Pervasive developmental disorder.
Schemes:
Here various schemes that can be availed under the National Trust Act 1999.
Samarth.
Disha.
Gharanunda.
Niramaya.
Institutes:
Alagappa University Special School for Person with Disability (ID & Autism), School in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
Dr. Poova's Autism Centre Special Education school in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
AFFA (Able foundation for Autism) Education Centre in Vellore, Tamil Nadu.
10.CEREBRAL PALSY
Definition:
Cerebral means having to do with the brain palsy means weakness or problems with using the motor.
CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the brain development that affects a persons ability to control his or her muscles.
Causes:
Prenatal causes.
Perinatal causes
Postnatal causes.
Types:
Spastic Cerebral Palsy.
Athetoid Cerebral Palsy.
Ataxic Cerebral palsy.
Mixed Cerebral Palsy.
Schemes:
Gyanprabha Scheme aims to encourage people with cerebral palsy, 2008 started by the National trust.
Hospitals:
Rainbow Hospital, in Hyderabad, Bangalore, India.
Max Hospital, in Delhi, India
11.MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Definition:
Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that affect the voluntary muscles in the human body.
The people experience progressive weakening of skeletal muscle and loss of muscle mass suffering from this disease.
Types:
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy.
Limp-girdle Muscular Dystrophy.
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy.
Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of muscular dystrophy generally manifest themselves in children, though certain forms of the disease do not surface till adulthood.
The general symptoms include poor balance, inability to jump or run, deformation of the calf, trouble in getting up from lying or sitting positions, inability to learn from others.
12.CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Definition:
A disorder that is associated with the central and peripheral nervous systems.
A Neurological conditions is any condition that affects the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Because these systems control your mind and body, neurological conditions can affect the way you think and feel and interact with the world.
Causes:
Lifestyle related causes.
Infections.
Genetics.
Nutrition related causes.
Environmental influences.
Symptoms:
Partial or complete paralysis.
Muscle weakness.
Partial or complete loss of sensation.
Seizures.
Difficulty reading and writing.
Poor cognitive abilities.
Prevention:
Prevent head injury.
Regular exercise.
Avoid Excess sugar.
Promote Cognitive activity
Consume healthy diet.
Get a good night's sleep.
Institutes:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and stroke, Montgomery country, Maryland, near Washington, DC.
Schemes:
DISHA- Early Intervention and School Readiness scheme.
ADIP Scheme.
NHFDC Scheme.
13.SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY
Definition:
A specific learning disability is a disorder that interferes with a students ability to listen, think, write, spell or do mathematical calculations, students with a specific learning disability may struggle reading, writing or math.
Types:
DYSLEXIA - A Specific learning disability in Reading.
DYSGRAPHIA - A Specific learning disability in Writing.
DYSCALCULIA - A specific learning disability in Math.
Causes:
Family History and Genes.
Emotional Trauma.
Physical Trauma.
Symptoms:
Not being able to master skills in reading, spelling, writing or math at near the expected age and grade level.
Poor memory.
Problems in paying attention.
Trouble in telling time.
Trouble in counting.
Schemes:
NHFDC Scheme.
ADIP Scheme.
READINESS Scheme.
Institutes:
National Institute Learning Development.
Learning Disability (NICHD).
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
National Centre for Learning Disability (NCLD).
14.MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Definition:
Multiple Sclerosis is an auto immune disease of the CNS.
Characteristic by chronic inflammation, Demyelination, gliosis, neuronal loss.
Causes:
The cause of MS is unknown. It's considered an immune mediated disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
It isn't clear why MS developed in some people and not other.
A combination of genetic and environmental factor appears to be responsible
Symptoms:
Tingling.
Lack of coordination.
Unsteady gait or inability to walk
Prolonged double vision
Blurry vision.
Vertigo.
Types:
Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS).
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS).
Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SRMS).
Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS).
Prevention:
Taking Vitamin D supplements during pregnancy.
Get regular exposure to sunlight.
Stop smoking.
Eat a low-saturated fat diet.
Schemes:
Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme It allows the person with Multiple Sclerosis to attain the processing amount.
Multiple Sclerosis Society of India.
Institutions:
Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis research (IMSF).
Harvard stem cell Institute.
University of Gottingen.
Columbia University Multiple Sclerosis center.
15.SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISABILITY
Definition:
Speech and Language Impairment are basic categories that might be down in issues of communication involve hearing, speech, language, and fluency.
A speech impairment is characterized by difficulty in articulation of words.
Causes:
Speech is one of the main ways in which we communicate with those around us. It develops naturally, along with other signs of normal growth and development.
Disorders of Speech and Language are common in preschool age children.
Symptoms:
Not understanding and hearing the words.
Difficulty with forming specific words or sounds correctly.
Tension in the voice or sounds.
Frustration with attempts to communicate.
Head Jerking while talking.
Devices:
Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs).
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).
Alerting Devices.
Prevention:
Early Intervention.
Parent-child Intervention.
Hearing Screenings.
Healthy lifestyle.
Reduce Screen time.
Positive Reinforcement.
Genetic Counseling.
Schemes:
District Disability Rehabilitation Centre (DDRC).
National Scholarship.
Implementation of the Scheme for Implementation of Persons with Disability Act (SIPDA).
16.THALASSEMIA
Definition:
Thalassemia is defined as, "a group of inherited disorders characterized by reduced or absent amounts of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside the red blood cells".
Causes:
Thalassemia is caused by mutations in the DNA of ss cells that make hemoglobin the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body.
The mutations associated with thalassemia are passed from parents to children.
Types:
Alpha Thalassemia.
Beta Thalassemia.
Symptoms:
Fatigue.
Weakness.
Pale or Yellowish Skin.
Facial bone deformities.
Slow growth.
Prevention:
In most cases you can't prevent thalassemia. If you have thalassemia, or if you carry a thalassemia gene.
Consider talking with a genetic counselor for guidance if you want to have children.
Schemes:
DISHA - Early Intervention and School Readiness Scheme.
ADIP Scheme.
THALAFSSEMIA BAL SEWA YOJANA (2020).
17.HEMOPHILIA
Definition :
Hemophilia is usually inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This can lead to spanteneous bleeding as well as bleeding following injuries or surgery. Blood contains many proteins called clotting factors that can help to stop bleeding.
Symptoms :
Many deep or large bruises.
Joint pain and swelling.
Unexplained bruises or bleeding.
Blood in urine or in stools.
Causes :
Hemophilia is caused by the lack of clotting factor VII or IX in the blood.
In most cases, hemophilia is passed dowm through families.
Prevention :
Because the condition is genetic there is no way to prevent hemophilia. However patients can take steps to limit the frequency and severing of their bleeding, Aspirin and VSAIDS can worsen bleeding in patients with hemophilia.
Treatment :
The main treatment for severe hemophilia involves replacing the clotting factor you need through a tube in a vein.
Physical Therapy.
First aid for minor cuts.
Government Schemes:
DISHA Scheme.
ADIP Scheme.
NHFDC Scheme.
18.SICKLE CELL DISEASE
Definition:
Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder marked by defective hemoglobin.
It inhibits the ability of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen.
Sickle cells tend to stick together, blocking small blood vessels causing painful and damaging complications.
Causes:
Sickle cell is an inherited disease caused by a defect in a gene.
A person will be born with sickle cell disease only if two genes are inherited - one from the mother and one from the father.
Symptoms:
Breathing problems (shortness of breath or pain when breathing or birth).
Extreme tiredness.
Headache or dizziness.
Painful erections in males.
Yellowish skin color (Jaundice).
Schemes:
Further in terms of treatment, support is given under NHM for capsule hydroxyurea, free blood transfusion for all sickle cell patients (men and women) as per State's proposal.
In the Union budget of FY 2023-2024, it is announced to launch a mission to eliminate sickle cell anemia by 2047
Institutions:
Chhattisgarh Sickle Cell Institute, Raipur a dedicated Centre for treatment, research and counseling and training for sickle cell disease.
19.MULTIPLE DISABILITY
Definition:
The Person has more than one disabilities then he has multiple disabilities.
Causes:
Lack of Oxygen at birth.
Difficulties at birth.
Chromosomal abnormalities.
Genetic Disorder.
Infections.
Poor development of the brain or spinal card.
Injuries from Accidents.
Symptoms:
Loss of or impaired physical mobility.
Hearing loss.
Vision loss.
Autism.
Seizures.
Abnormal curvature of the spine and hydrocephalus.
Schemes:
Guyanprabha scheme provide funds for all Educational facilities.
Institutions:
National Institute for Empowerment of persons with Multiple Disabilities (NIEPMD) in Muttukadu, Tamil Nadu .
20.ACID ATTACK VICTIM
Definition:
An attack victim is someone who has been disfigured by an assault acid or a similar corrosive substance.
Acid attacks are a form of violence against women.
Causes:
Severe pain.
Permanent disfigurement.
Infections.
Blindness in one or both.
Psychological trauma.
Depression.
Symptoms:
Eyelids may be burned off or deformed, leaving the eyes extremely dry and prone to blindness.
Acid directly in the eye also damages sight, sometimes causing blindness in both eyes.
Schemes:
Free supply of Clothing Items, Financial assistant types of benefits, Disability Benefits Criteria are 40%, in Puducherry.
Institutions:
Acid Survivors Foundation India, Kolkata (ASIF).
Surgical Rehabilitation of acid attacks survivors from Bombay Hospital (Mumbai).
Sankara Nethralaya (Chennai).
SSKM Hospital (Kolkata).
21.PARKINSON DISEASE
Definition:
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a slow, progressive, neurodegenerative disease of the extrapyramidal motor system.
Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and primarily affected, and degeneration of these neurons causes a disruption in the ability to generate body movements.
Causes:
Parkinson's Disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra.
Nerve cells in this part of the brain are responsible for producing a chemical called dopamine.
Symptoms:
Tremor in hands, arms, legs, jaw or head.
Muscle stiffness, where Muscle remains contracted for a long time.
Slowness of movement.
Impaired balance and coordination sometimes leading to falls.
Institutions:
The National Institute on Aging (NIA) in Bethesda, Maryland.
